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Using a VPN is a terrific way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shot's iPhone, they asked Apple for a rear door to get beyond the encryption. However, no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI had to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Since the moment a back door or comparable hack exists, it becomes a target, a decoration for the poor guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat this past summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic disclosed that the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update them, but the bad guys can't get in either. .

All of the products in this roundup explicitly state that they have no rear door, and that is as it ought to be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget that the encryption password, then you have lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to keep a document secret you can use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a safe. The two main approaches in encryption utilities parallel these options.

One sort of product simply processes files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disk drive that, when open, acts like any other drive on your system. When you lock the digital drive, all the documents you put into it's entirely inaccessible. .

Similar to the digital drive solution, a few products save your encrypted information in the cloud. This approach requires extreme caution, obviously. Encrypted information in the cloud has a far bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It actually depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial provided by each of these products to get a sense of the different options.

After you copy a file into secure storage, or make an encrypted version of it, you absolutely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Just deleting it isn't sufficient, even in the event that you skip the Recycle Bin, since the data still exists on disc, and data recovery utilities can often get it back. YOURURL.com .

Some encryption products prevent this issue by encrypting the file in place, literally overwriting it on disk using an encrypted version. It is more common, though, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you choose a product that lacks this feature, you ought to find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting information before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval works because the magnetic recording of data on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It is more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known data and reading around the edges of what's left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, image, or other document into it, and you get back what seems like gibberish. Run that gibberish back through the box, with the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and all of the merchandise accumulated here support AES. Even those that support other algorithms tend to recommend using AES.

If you're an encryption expert, you might prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, possibly, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the average consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you have to keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, enroll it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. The other is personal, and should be closely guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I simply encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can create an electronic signature that shows that your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The fact your public key decrypts it is all the evidence you need. PKI service is less common than service for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a document with someone and your encryption tool doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products enable creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You could also find that the recipient can use a free, decryption-only tool.